N moallemi; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Abas Danaeifar
Abstract
Acacia with the scientific name Acacia salicina is a tree or shrub from the leguminous family and a nitrogen fixer. This species is native to dry areas in southern Australia. In some areas, this species is used as a source of fodder for livestock, for ornamental purposes, and for revival areas without ...
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Acacia with the scientific name Acacia salicina is a tree or shrub from the leguminous family and a nitrogen fixer. This species is native to dry areas in southern Australia. In some areas, this species is used as a source of fodder for livestock, for ornamental purposes, and for revival areas without vegetation. Climate change is one of the most important concerns of the world's growing population. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects the nutritional status of plants. Stresses constantly affect the growth and development of plants, which are considered the most important factors of yield reduction in the world. Stresses are the result of abnormal physiological processes that are caused by one or a combination of biological and environmental factors, and drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affect growth and performance, as well as this Stress can cause plant death and limits approximately 25% of agricultural production. One of the most common ways to withstand drought stress is the use of super absorbent polymers. Commercial superabsorbent polymers are hygroscopic materials similar to sugar, and the shape of these polymers must be maintained after absorbing water and swelling. They don't have harm for soil, plants and environment. Considering the increase in temperature and pollution the purpose of this research is the effect of using three types of super absorbent polymers to increase N.P.K. absorption, water retention, reduce irrigation, reduce costs and improve the growth of acacia plants under drought stress conditions for cultivation in areas free of vegetation in Khuzestan to contrast with fine dust. In order to improve the nutritional status of acacia, a research was conducted using three types of superabsorbent polymers in three concentrations at three levels of drought stress in a factorial format in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the agricultural faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The results showed that the use of superabsorbent polymers significantly increases the amount of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus absorption by leaves, stems and roots. The concentration of 2 g/kg of A200 hydrogel in the first week increased leaf nitrogen by 12.85%, leaf phosphorus by 17.64%, stem nitrogen by 50.29% and root nitrogen by 4.96%. In the first week, SNF superabsorbent had the highest amount of potassium in stem and phosphorus in the root. Among the hydrogels, SNF superabsorbent polymer had the highest amount of phosphorus in the stem in the second week and a concentration of 1 g/kg, and this increase was significant compared to some treatments, and the lowest amount of phosphorus in the stem were obtained s in the treatment of the first week and a concentration of 0 g/kg Super absorbent polymer A200 and SNF. Increasing the concentration of super absorbent polymers increased the amount of phosphorus in the stem in most cases. increase in the intensity of drought stress caused a decrease in the amount of leaf nitrogen compared to non-stressed conditions, so that the lowest amount of nitrogen was obtained in the third week of treatment with SNF superabsorbent polymer at a concentration of 0 g/kg, which caused a decrease of 29.04% compared to the control. The increase in the severity of drought stress caused a decrease in the amount of phosphorus in leaves compared to the first week, so that the lowest amount of phosphorus was obtained in the second week in the concentration of 2 g/kg of SNF,which had a decrease of 52.94% compared to the control. intensity of drought stress and increasing the frequency of irrigation caused a decrease in the amount of nitrogen in the stem, so that the lowest amount of nitrogen was obtained in the third week and the concentration of 0 g/kg of Barbari hydrogel, which was a 32.16% decrease compared to the control. The lowest amount of root phosphorus was obtained in the third week of treatment with a concentration of 2 grams per kilogram of Barbarii superabsorbent polymer, which caused a decrease of 54.54% compared to the control. Based on the results of this research, the use of A200 superabsorbent polymer compared to other hydrogels had the greatest effect on the nutritional status of the plant and the absorption of N.P.K elements.
Hosna Kiafar; Mousa Mousavi; Ali Ebadi; Noorollah Moallemi; Mohamad Reza Fattahi Moghadam
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesPeach is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. Peach has always been considered for its high nutritional value and its taste in the world. Therefore, improving its quantity and quantity is very important. Today, substances that improve the quality and quantity of ...
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Background and ObjectivesPeach is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. Peach has always been considered for its high nutritional value and its taste in the world. Therefore, improving its quantity and quantity is very important. Today, substances that improve the quality and quantity of the product are very much considered, they are including materials such as hormones, nutrition elements(Ca). Nanoparticles are materials that their size are smaller than 100 nanometers. on the other hand the importance and role of calcium in improving the fruit quantity and quality are interesting for scientists. In this study, the effect of calcium nanoparticles on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of peach fruit was studied.Materials and methodsThis experiment was carried out during the years 2015 - 2017 as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in a commercial garden located in Hashtgerd, Karaj. In this experiment, three concentrations 0, 10 and 20 mg/l of calcium chloride nanoparticles, at the time of flower popcorn, flower budding and twenty days after flower opening were sprayed. Then, when the fruits were harvested, the soluble solids, acidity, fruit set, vitamin C content, tissue firmness, calcium content of fruit tissue, fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight were measured.Results The results showed that calcium nanoparticles in both cultivars improved qualitative and quantitative traits. Result showed There was not significant difference between treatments and cultivars in flowering time and Calcium nanoparticles cannot have any effect on flowering time and flowering time is affected by the genetics and the environment. Treatments with calcium nanoparticles increased the fruit set rate in this study. The results showed that there was a significant difference between cultivars in length and width of fruit at 1% level, and Early Alberta fruits were larger than Valad Abadi cultivar. There was a significant difference between weight of two cultivars at 1% level and between treatments at 5% level. Early Alberta had a higher fruit weight than Valad Abadi cultivar and no difference observed between the control and treated trees. Increasing in concentration of treatment did not effective on fruit weight. On the other hand the highest amount of TSS, fruit set, vitamin C, calcium content of fruit flesh were observed in 20 mg/l concentration of calcium nanoparticle treatment. in the amount of vitamin C was significantly different between two cultivars at 1% level and between treatments at 5% level. Vitamin C in both cultivars increased with increasing treatment concentration. Among the two cultivars tested, the amount of vitamin C in early Alberta cultivar was higher than the Wald Abadi cultivar, and the highest levels of vitamin C were found in Early Alberta, at a concentration of 20 mg/l. Calcium content in fruit tissue of early Alberta cultivar was more prevalent than Wald abadi cultivar and the most effective treatments were treatment of calcium nanoparticles with concentration of 20 mg/l Calcium nanoparticles in the Valad Abadi cultivar increased the firmness of the fruit tissue, while there was no significant difference among treatments in Early Alberta cultivar. This difference can be attributed to the difference between genetically basis of the two cultivars. Calcium nanoparticles treatments did not affected the fruit length of Valad Abadi cultivar. There was no significant difference between treatments and control, while in Early Alberta, with increasing concentration of calcium nanoparticle, fruit length increased. Calcium nanoparticles treatment increased the weight in both cultivars while there was no significant difference between the concentration of 10 and 20 mg/l of calcium nanoparticles.DiscussionCalcium caused a change in the enzymatic activity of certain enzymes involved in metabolism and effective enzymes in nitrate absorption and can improve fruit quality and quantity. Calcium was considered as a binding agent between cell walls which result in higher fruit firmness and calcium nanoparticles can improve shelf life in peach fruit. calcium increases the strength of the middle blade and the cell wall by creating calcite packets, and decreases the activity of the polygalacturonase enzyme's. Calcium also reduces respiration, reduces the production of ethylene, and reduces the activity of the polyagalacturonase enzyme from appetite and softness of the fruit. Calcium increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superdioxidase, catalase and peroxidase and calcium treatment can improve fruit quality and quantity. Our result showed calcium nanoparticles are effective in improving peach fruit quality and quantity.